نشریه مطالعات خاورمیانه
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 92، بهار و تابستان 1397)

Foreign policy of each political unit is considered to be the most important, most effective and challenging area for any government. In this regard, looking at the regional and Egyptian foreign policy of Egypt during the historical turnaround, it can be seen in various ups and downs. Although these downstairs have different causes, they are related. The strategic value of Egypt in the international system and even the current Middle East depends largely on its active role in regional issues. Since foreign policy is never formed in a vacuum, and several factors play a role in its development, for this purpose, the present paper deals with the analysis of factors affecting Egyptian foreign policy during the period (1948-2015). In order to orient these indicators, it is possible to classify these parameters based on two criteria: material and semantic. I believe that the author has elements such as: geopolitical position; the influence of regional and sub-regional powers; the limited resources of foreign policy decision making as material factors, as well as elements such as: transformation into national and transnational goals; incomplete nation-building; multiple identities and political culture Inner group in the group of semantic agents can be placed in this study to try to examine these factors. This research is a descriptive analytic study and the method of collecting information is library-documentary.

Undoubtedly ,developments in the last two decades of the twentieth century and the events of September11 ,are a milestone point in growing Islamic fundamentalism .The Middle East is the most strategic area in world .Unfortunately ,The Middle East is faced with the challenge of Islamic fundamentalism .Nowadays ,Islamic fundamentalism is not only a regional threat but an international one .For this reason ,it is more important than past .Therefore ,this study seeks to answer the question that which social and economic factors do affect the formation of Islamic fundamentalism ?On the other hand ,what are the effects of Islamic fundamentalism on regional developments after September11 ?The result of this study suggest that ,the analysis of Islamic fundamentalism requires holistic view and we can’t study it with reducing it to one or two factors .Therefore ,this study is based on the hypothesis that a set of pivotal social and economic factors had formed Islamic fundamentalism .Afterward ,this study looks into the influence of Islamic fundamentalism and especially ISIS with emphasis on recent developments in the Middle East .Finding of this study shows that Islamic fundamentalism is the main cause of tumult and disturbance in the region and prevented the unity of Islamic states .Theoretical frameworks of this study are constructivism to analyze the effects of social factors and Amartya Sen’s theory to analyze the impact of economic factors in the formation of Islamic fundamentalism. Research’s method is descriptive – analytical and the needed data has been collected by using library and internet sources.

This article is concerned with the US-Saudi military relationship between the years 1943 and .1979 To explain why these ties emerged and how they evolved ,it examines the domestic and international factors that drove both Washington and Riyadh into a close embrace .It argues that in the years following the Second World War a relationship between the two took shape that was based on the exchange of petroleum for US security guarantees .As a part of those security guarantees ,the US undertook a program to help build the Saudi armed forces so that they could fend off the domestic and external threats to the survival of the royal family .This effort involved not only the large-scale provision of arms ,training ,and military infrastructure for the Saudi military but also the development of a military strategy for the defense of the kingdom .Consequently ,the US practically designed and developed the Saudi armed forces.

The history of bilateral relations between Iran and Russia has always experienced a sinewy situation and periods of improvement and adjustment. Therefore, it can be said that cooperation, competition and sometimes conflicts are a hallmark of bilateral relations at the regional and international levels. The two countries have different and sometimes incompatible interests and policies, in spite of a level of cooperation, in various fields such as the Iranian nuclear program, the energy market and Middle East issues, especially in the Syrian crisis and the conflict in occupied Palestine. Therefore, the question that we are looking at in this project is the most important factor or conflict of interest between the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia in the field of foreign policy? The hypothesis in this regard is that the most important factor in the competition and the difference in the interests of both countries, Iran and Russia, are the different status of the two countries in the international power structure. In this regard, a descriptive-analytical method is used to analyze existing data and resources. According to the findings of the research, what is mainly about the Islamic Republic of Iran alongside Russia is the parallel and parallel interests of the two countries in countering the unilateralism and international influence of the United States, while, given the geopolitical rivalries and the differences in The international goals of divergence are more marked by the interests of both countries, especially at macro and strategic levels.

The country of Afghanistan has many ethnic, racial, linguistic and religious minorities in Afghanistan, which has been the source of many rifts, divisions, tensions and conflicts in the country. Indeed, every member of the Afghan community defines himself as a Pashtun, Hazara, Tajik, Uzbek, Hanafi or Shiite, rather than defining himself in a transnational form, with an emphasis on the elements of the Supranational, especially ethnic and religious. Undoubtedly, in such a society, on the one hand, the crisis of identity affects all levels of society and, on the other hand, people are alien to their political system, the country can not be expected to face a crisis and political instability. This research examines the implications of the ethnic and religious gap in Afghanistan on the continuation of the political crisis in Afghanistan. Analytical-descriptive method evaluates the hypothesis that ethnic and religious gaps have played a decisive role in the continuation of the political crisis in this country. The findings also confirm the validity of the above claim, suggesting that ethnic-religious divisions were the most important factor in the formation and continuation of the political crisis in Afghanistan, which, along with the weakness of the economic structure, weakened the government, created a kind of imperial government and strengthened its opponents; In which the spirit of collective and ethnic identities governs not the spirit of national identity

Understanding the Geopolitical Constraints of Countries, as well as Recognizing the Positive and Negative Geopolitical Variables and Determining the Status and Dignity of Countries at the Regional and Global levels, have always been Considered by Scholars in Various fields of Political Science and International Relations. Determining the Geopolitical weight of Political units can help them in beneficial and beneficial utilization. After the Collapse of the Bipolar System and Saddam’s defeat of the Coalition in 1991 and the fall of the Ba’ath Government in 2002, the issue of Iraqi Kurdistan emerged as a Geopolitical phenomenon in the Region and in the world. Which led to the formation of a PA in northern Iraq. However, the independence debate for Kurdistan Remains a mystery. The main question in this Research is that what Iraqi Kurdistan has to achieve its independence. Our Assumption in this study is that Iraqi Kurdistan has Geopolitical Constraints in the field of Economics, politics and Geography, which Impedes its Independence. The Results show that the Realization of an independent Kurdish State in the Middle East Region is not Possible.

The globalization of the economy has accelerated the internationalization of capital, goods ,labor ,trade ,and overcoming national economic constraints ,the rise of international interactions and the integration into a network of global economic exchanges .In this regard ,the present article seeks to analyze the effects of globalization of the economy on Arab countries in the Middle East within the framework of components such as interconnectivity and integration in the global economy ,economic liberalization ,private sector strengthening ,attracting foreign investment and economic diversification Describe and explain .The question of the research is how will globalization of the economy affect the economic structure of the Arab countries of the Middle East ?The hypothesis will be that the globalization of the economy triggers economic transformation in these countries as integration into the international economy ,the impact of international crises ,the impact of international institutions ,the liberalization of trade and economies ,and the enhancement of competitiveness .Strengthening the private sector( privatization ,)increasing the index of foreign investment ,the growth of the tourist economy ,increasing economic diversification, financial integration and the formation of a common market .In this research ,the globalization of the economy as an independent variable and its economic implications in the Arab countries of the Middle East is considered as a dependent variable .The results of this study indicate that the implementation of economic reforms ,increasing the degree of integration, privatization ,diversification and attracting foreign investment among Arab countries over the past decades ,the signing of the agreements on international trade ,The results are related to the processes of globalization in Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region.

The Zionist regime of Israel has committed many crimes in the Occupied Palestinian Territory since its establishment ,but each time somehow escaped from the snare of international law and provides for other criminal acts ,and Security Council never managed to lowest odds with this terrorist state .Accordingly ,it is said ,the current situation in Palestine is as a result of a series of injustice ,lawlessness ,aggression and violation of the principles and norms of international law ,ignoring the resolutions of the United Nations ,human rights and freedoms of natural and real .The protection and human treatment of the occupied people ,is the basic principle of international law in hostile occupation of a territory .During the assault on Gaza ,Israel has repeatedly violated the rules of international humanitarian law and according to international law ,has international responsibility.